filamentous virus definition

Subcell Biochem. [40], The taxonomy of filamentous bacteriophage was defined by Andre Lwoff and Paul Tournier as family Inophagoviridae, genus I. inophagovirus, species Inophagovirus bacterii (Inos=fiber or filament in Greek), with phage fd (Hoffmann-Berling) as the type species. At this point, the M2 protein alters membrane curvature, constricting the neck and causing membrane scission [27]. IAV infects the cells of the upper respiratory tract, causing illness in a wide range of hosts, including humans, pigs, horses and birds. [2][21][4] Gene 1, coding for an ATPase,[22] is a conserved marker gene that (along with three additional genetic features) was used to automatically detect inovirus sequences. This is consistent with other data showing that mutation of the M2 cytoplasmic tail between residues 7077 reduces M1-M2 interactions and subsequently the amount of M1 and RNP packaged in virions [49, 50]. That is, the DNA single strand extends from one end of the phage particle to the other and then back again to close the circle, although the two strands are not base-paired. Gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogels containing turnip mosaic virus for fabrication of nanostructured materials for tissue engineering. Epub 2023 Apr 18. Comparative epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A H7N9 and H5N1 viruses in China: a population-based study of laboratory-confirmed cases. Virus Res. Considering that the upper respiratory tract consists of highly polarised epithelial cells and is the primary site of human infection, the detection of filamentous IAV in human clinical samples may be directly related to epithelial cell polarisation. During fd phage assembly, the phage DNA is first packaged into a linear intracellular nucleoprotein complex with many copies of the phage gene 5 replication/assembly protein. [8][9] The molecular structure of Ff phages was determined using a number of physical techniques, especially X-ray fiber diffraction,[2][6] solid-state NMR and cryo-electron microscopy. Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Structural Analysis of the Roles of Influenza A Virus Membrane-Associated Proteins in Assembly and Morphology. Capsids of rod-shaped and filamentous plant viruses possess helical symmetry. A kinetic model for the impact of packaging signal mimics on genome encapsulation. Influenza virus is an unusual pathogen in that it is pleomorphic, capable of forming virions ranging in shape from spherical to filamentous. As a result, the filamentous phenotype has been overlooked in most influenza virus research. The FIP3-Rab11 protein complex regulates recycling endosome targeting to the cleavage furrow during late cytokinesis. Filamentous influenza virions are clearly, Figure 2. Compare the size of most viruses to that of bacteria. Demirden SF, Alptekin K, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. J Gen Virol. . However, other experiments have shown that human embryonic kidney 293T cells are capable of producing filamentous virions, despite an absence of cell polarisation and a lack of a defined apical membrane [54]. Seladi-Schulman J, Steel J, Lowen AC. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). What recent data shows for certain is that IAV morphology is not solely cell or virus dependent but relies on a precise balance and interaction between the two. Membranes (Basel). 1School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK. Coinfection of wild ducks by influenza A viruses: distribution patterns and biological significance. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and . III. Birds are thought to be the reservoir for IAV in the wild [] and are a key source for the emergence of novel IAV strains [ ], such as the 1918 Spanish flu. Since these three phages differ by less than 2 percent in their DNA sequences, corresponding to changes in only a few dozen codons in the whole genome, for many purposes they can be considered to be identical. The well-studied tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an example of a helical virus, as seen in the Figure below. FOIA As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. In this review, we firstly introduce the secretory pathway in filamentous fungi. Before using our website, please read our Privacy Policy. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Gubareva LV. government site. FOIA We show that virions of Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus (SIFV) are assembled and enveloped in the cell cytoplasm. In contrast, strains of influenza that have adapted to laboratory growth typically produce only spherical virions. [31] Further independent characterization over the subsequent half-century was shaped by the interests of these research groups and their followers.[2]. Enveloped helical virus: These viruses consist of either DNA or RNA and capsid proteins enclosed by the phospholipid bilayer envelope and its associated proteins. Thus, there might not be a single type of filamentous virions, but rather a range, potentially with different functions. This suggests that filamentous virion production is likely a multifaceted process, affected by several different viral proteins, all occurring in the context of an array of cellular partners. Influenza is highly contagious which can infect a wide range of animal species and humans. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Mosley VM, Wyckoff RWG. [20], The p1 protein of Ff phage (i.e. genus Inovirus), which is required for phage assembly at the membrane, has a membrane-spanning hydrophobic domain with the N-terminal portion in the cytoplasm and the C-terminal portion in the periplasm (the reverse of the orientation of the gene 8 coat protein). [2] The number of known filamentous bacteriophages has multiplied many-fold by using a machine-learning approach, and it has been suggested that "the former Inoviridae family should be reclassified as an order, provisionally divided into 6 candidate families and 212 candidate subfamilies". A bacteriophage, or phage for short, is a virus that infects bacteria. Epub 2005 Jun 15. Viruses have three different types of symmetry such as icosahedral, helical, and complex based on capsomeres organization. Lenten LV, Ashwell G. Studies on the chemical and enzymatic modification of glycoproteins. Cohen M, Zhang X-Q, Senaati HP, Chen H-W, Varki NM, Schooley RT, et al. Ultimately, the role of filamentous IAV in human infection remains an enigma. In the tightly packed epithelial layer of the upper respiratory tract, short, cell-anchored, infectious filaments may be able to directly deliver the viral genome to neighbouring cells without the need to release and transmit a viral particle. Thus, the impact of cell polarisation on viral morphology may be more complicated and may be influenced by other host cell proteins or processes. Edinger TO, Pohl MO, Stertz S. Entry of influenza A virus: host factors and antiviral targets. Helical viruses Definition. Thus, M2 appears to modify filament formation through binding and recruitment of M1, whereas M1 itself is required for the actual structuring of the filament. Recent advances in imaging and improved animal models have . Combining X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy. M1 anchors NA, HA and M2 in place within the envelope and interacts with the viral genome in the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. In either case, it is possible that the M2 protein affects viral filament formation by altering membrane curvature, stabilising the site of budding and therefore enabling M1 polymerisation and the elongation of a viral filament [18, 20]. Filamentous fungi are considered as unique cell factories for protein production due to the high efficiency of protein secretion and superior capability of post-translational modifications. Elton D, Simpson-holley M, Archer K, Hallam R, Mccauley J, Digard P, et al. In contrast, strains of influenza that have adapted to laboratory growth typically produce only spherical virions. Influenza virus is an unusual pathogen in that it is pleomorphic, capable of forming virions ranging in shape from spherical to filamentous. Bookshelf 14C2 binds to the ectodomain of M2 and is thought to disrupt the binding between the M2 cytoplasmic tail and M1 [47]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. . As a result, the filamentous phenotype has been overlooked in most influenza virus research. Schonteich E, Wilson GM, Burden J, Hopkins CR, Anderson K, Goldenring JR, et al. Interestingly, in filamentous viruses, M1 appears to adopt a helical conformation [14], which is not apparent in spherical virus, suggesting that structural variations in the M1 protein may govern viral structure [45]. A typical eukaryotic cell is comprised of cytoplasm with different organelles, such as nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and so on. Molecular mechanisms of influenza virus resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. Distinct domains of the influenza a virus M2 protein cytoplasmic tail mediate binding to the M1 protein and facilitate infectious virus production. NA has enzymatic activity, cleaving sialic acid bonds and releasing newly formed viruses from the host cell [1517]. Before PMC Filamentous plant viruses such as narcissus mosaic virus infect plants and fungi. Before Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like virus term, bacteriophage or phage term, viruses are ____ biological agents but not ____ and more. The biological significance of IAV morphology in human clinical infections is a subject of great interest. Rab11 is a GTPase involved in the recycling endosome pathway and plays a role in protein and vesicle transport [56]. [5] Phages fd, f1, M13 and other related phages are Ff phages, for F specific (they infect Escherichia coli carrying the F-episome) filamentous phages, using the concept of vernacular name. High curvature promotes fusion of lipid membranes: Predictions from continuum elastic theory. Itoh Y, Shinya K, Kiso M, Watanabe T, Sakoda Y, Hatta M, et al. Some of these helical viruses are relatively rod-shaped, elongated, rigid, or flexible depending on the arrangement . Filamentous influenza virus enters cells via macropinocytosis. 2022 Sep 5;12(9):859. doi: 10.3390/membranes12090859. This family's simplicity makes it an appealing model system to research fundamental molecular biology concepts, and it has also shown promise as a tool in nanotechnology and immunology. and transmitted securely. Fine structure of influenza A virus observed by electron cryo-microscopy. Filamentous Influenza Viruses - PMC - National Center for Biotechnology Calder LJ, Wasilewski S, Berriman JA, Rosenthal PB. As a result, the filamentous phenotype has been overlooked in most influenza virus research. The method to deliver foreign nucleic acid into cells is the sticking . Wilson GM. Characterization of temperature sensitive influenza virus mutants defective in neuraminidase. Figure 2. Gonzlez-Gamboa I, Velzquez-Lam E, Lobo-Zegers MJ, Fras-Snchez AI, Tavares-Negrete JA, Monroy-Borrego A, Menchaca-Arrendondo JL, Williams L, Lunello P, Ponz F, Alvarez MM, Trujillo-de Santiago G. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. Computer virus definition. A Rab11- and microtubule-dependent mechanism for cytoplasmic transport of influenza A virus viral RNA. Chlanda P, Schraidt O, Kummer S, Riches J, Oberwinkler H, Prinz S, Krusslich HG, Briggs JA. 7.8: Virus Structures - Biology LibreTexts Filamentous Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com [1] The most virulent virus in the family is the Marburgvirus, whereas . Filament Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster This topology was assumed to extend to all other filamentous phages, but it is not the case for phage Pf4,[15] for which the DNA in the phage is single-stranded but topologically linear, not circular. [16], The DNA isolated from fd phage (of genus Inovirus) is single-stranded, and topologically a circle. NP binds to and is involved in the packaging of the viral genome along with the polymerase subunits for transport and assembly [11] and also interacts with various cellular proteins, such as CRM1 involved in nuclear export of the replicated viral genome [12]. Smyk JM, Szydowska N, Szulc W, Majewska A. Int J Mol Sci. These are structural analogues of sialic acid, and work to inhibit the enzymatic action of NA, thus retaining newly formed virus on the host cells. Responsible for seasonal outbreaks and occasional pandemics IAV is a major burden on health systems globally and is estimated to cost the US economy $87.1bn annually [5]. filament: [noun] a single thread or a thin flexible threadlike object, process, or appendage (see appendage 2): such as. Filamentous Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary Lamb RA, Choppin PW. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Helenius A. Unpacking the incoming influenza virus. Acidianus filamentous virus 1 coat proteins display a helical fold Fourth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses", "Cloning in M13 phage or how to use biology at its best", "Filamentous bacteriophage fd as an antigen delivery system in vaccination", "Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold", "Filamentous Phages As a Model System in Soft Matter Physics", "Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix into a liquid crystal", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filamentous_bacteriophage&oldid=1160989062, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 19 June 2023, at 23:13. Characterization of the host cell entry of filamentous influenza virus. Would you like email updates of new search results? Influenza virus matrix protein is the major driving force in virus budding. For (a) it should be noted that the incorporation of NS1 and NEP has so far only been examined in spherical virions, and their general incorporation is inferred from this. Furthermore, a strain that forms filamentous virions in vivo will not necessarily do so in vitro or in a different host species. Size Viruses are usually much smaller than bacteria with the vast majority being submicroscopic. Class I has a rotation axis relating the gene 8 coat proteins, whereas for Class II this rotation axis is replaced by a helix axis. Conventional electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of viruses. Virus structure: It is a kind of nanoparticle found in nature. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 9.2A: Viral Morphology - Biology LibreTexts 8600 Rockville Pike Noda T, Sagara H, Yen A, Takada A, Kida H, Cheng RH, et al. While most viruses range in size from 5 to 300 nanometers (nm) , in recent years a number of giant viruses, including Mimiviruses and Pandoraviruses with a diameter of 0.4 micrometers (m) , have been identified. [46][47][48][49] George Smith and Greg Winter used f1 and fd for their work on phage display for which they were awarded a share of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Weis W, Brown JH, Cusack S, Paulson JC, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC. Single-particle measurements of filamentous influenza virions reveal damage induced by freezing. NA is the target of small molecule pharmaceuticals used to treat influenza: Relenza (zanamivir) and Tamiflu (oseltamivir) [18]. However, recovery of the filamentous morphology was seen with the addition of a S71Y mutation, though it is not clear if these mutations also affect M1-M2 interactions [50]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Shortridge KF, Zhou NN, Guan Y, Gao P, Ito T, Kawaoka Y, et al. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Some viruses are filamentous, meaning they have multiple layers of cellular membranes between their outer surface and the inner cellular layers . Alternatively, the induction of membrane curvature may be driven by the crowding of HA molecules within a defined space (i.e. Fig. Filamentous. Filamentous forms associated with newly isolated influenza virus. Bookshelf Recent strains emerging from the wild bird population include the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus strains H5N1 and H7N9, currently circulating in Eastern Asia where they have up to a 60 % case-fatality rate in humans, though do not yet spread efficiently from person to person [10]. Epub 2017 Aug 5. 8600 Rockville Pike Its genome is encoded in a linear dsDNA consisting of 20,869 nucleotide base pairs and coding 40 ORFs (22). Members of the Lipothrixviridae family infect hyperthermophilic acidophiles of the order Sulfolobales and have filamentous virions that are decorated at each end with diverse terminal structures that can resemble claws (Acidianus filamentous virus 1 [AFV1]), brushes (AFV2) or mops (Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus [SIFV]) and are likely t. [1], Phylogenetic trees and clades have been increasingly used to study taxonomy[25] of Inoviridae. There are several opinions on why, despite this apparent inefficiency, IAV readily produces filamentous virus in human clinical infections. Would you like email updates of new search results? The effect of M2 on viral filament formation has also been studied using the monoclonal antibody 14C2, which has been shown to inhibit filamentous virus formation whilst permitting spherical virus to bud [47]. Why are viruses able to be so much smaller than bacteria. Figure 1. As the most abundant viral protein, M1 forms a layer under the viral envelope and is responsible for interacting with NA, HA and M2 to form a scaffold-like complex [46]. It is not intended to provide medical, legal, or any other professional advice. During infection, the virus attaches to cell surface receptors containing sialic acid, which are recognized by the HA protein (), and the virus enters the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.At the low pH of the endosome, a large structural rearrangement of the HA exposes a hydrophobic fusion peptide and mediates fusion of the virus membrane with the host endosomal membrane (), releasing the . Spherical influenza viruses have a fitness advantage in embryonated eggs, while filament-producing strains are selected in vivo. HA has the ability to induce budding of virus-like particles (VLPs) in and of itself, forming vesicles similar in appearance to viruses [25]. The virus exits the host cell by viral extrusion. Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors possessing a novel hydrophobic interaction in the enzyme active site: design, synthesis, and structural analysis of carbocyclic sialic acid analogues with potent anti-influenza activity. See more. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Filamentous influenza viruses - PubMed Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Like other types of malware, a . [1][3][5][26], On base of metagenomical data, the family has been proposed to be split into new families Recent papers of particular interest have been highlighted as: National Library of Medicine Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Filamentous influenza virions are clearly visible after two passages of the clinical isolate influenza A/Rockefeller Institute/1/1957 (H2N2) virus in embryonated chicken eggs (a) but are lost following twelve passages (b). Haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix proteins one and two (M1 and M2) are primarily structural proteins with additional functional roles, whilst the polymerase subunits (PB1, PB2 and PA) and the non-structural proteins (NS1 and NS2) serve mainly function roles during virus replication. Although animal cells lack these cell structures, both of them have nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. An infectious virus particle contains its genetic material as either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) that is enclosed by a protective protein coat known as a capsid and sometimes an outer envelope. [17][18][2][19] Ullrich O, Reinsch S, Urb S, Zerial M, Parton RG. Virus Morphology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 2005 Sep;150(9):1783-96. doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0558-1. A filamentous archaeal virus is enveloped inside the cell and - PNAS In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. The phages are named for their filamentous shape, a worm-like chain (long, thin and flexible, reminiscent of a length of cooked spaghetti), about 6 nm in diameter and about 1000-2000 nm long. It can be visualized only by an electron microscope. These types of viruses have an essential cavity or hollow tube that encloses their nucleic acid.

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