which statement regarding unipolar depression is true?

Johnson SL, Sandrow D, Meyer B, Winters R, Miller I, Keitner G, et al. Especially in case-register studies, data are often limited to the number and duration of hospitalizations, and these indices are assumed to index number and duration of episodes. In: Mundt C, Goldstein MJ, Hahlweg K, Fiedler P, editors. In a novel method of examining life stress, Isometsa, Heikinen, Henriksson, Aro, and Lonnquist (1995) report that next of kin interviews following completed suicides suggest that bipolar and unipolar persons who committed suicide appeared to have experienced comparable levels of stress prior to the suicide (Isometsa et al., 1995). Only in recent history have mood disorders been divided into syndromes of mania and depression. In sum, there is little evidence that dopamine activity differs between unipolar and bipolar depression. Mania and depression appear to reflect separate symptom dimensions, which are predicted by distinct sets of psychosocial variables. Nevertheless, more recent findings have been much more inconsistent. Unipolar depression is a term used interchangeably with major depressive order, and is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness, low mood, feelings of worthlessness, lack of interest in activities you used to enjoy, as well as suicidal ideation. Affective disorders in a US urban community: The use of research diagnostic criteria in an epidemiological survey. A woman with a family history of mood disorders is at greater risk for developing peripartum depression. Gorwood, Philip This descriptive operational approach has been an important phase in the development of psychiatry that has allowed greatly improved reliability and been practically useful in many ways. Gomes, Lavier Post-mortem studies of 5-HT uptake sites in the frontal cortex revealed lower concentrations of 5-HT uptake sites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression (Leake, Fairbairn, McKeith, & Ferrier, 1991). In: Joiner T, Coyne JC, editors. We begin by describing the literature on dopamine and norepinephrine activity in unipolar and bipolar depression, and then describe evidence regarding the regulation of these transmitters.1. 2014. Stressful life events and social rhythm disruption in the onset of manic and depressive bipolar episodes. 2018. Liebers, David T. 02 January 2018. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Family and interpersonal psychotherapies, two well-studied interventions for bipolar disorder, have been found to alleviate depression, but not mania (Frank et al., 2000; Miklowitz et al., 2000). Chen, Heng Garcia-Amador, M. Serotonin function and the mechanism of antidepressant action: Reversal of antidepressant-induced remission by rapid depletion of plasma tryptophan. Klein DN, Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Durbin CE. Research provides evidence for differences in the intracellular signal transduction system in bipolar disorder compared to unipolar depression (Ackenheil, 2001; Suzuki, Kusumi, Sasaki, & Koyama, 2001). Life events involving goal-attainment and the emergence of manic symptoms. Horn, H. The careful use of detailed dimensional measures of symptom clusters across traditional (DSM) diagnostic boundaries could help in identifying genetic risk factors for a range of mental disorders. 2. Jones, Lisa Perris H. A study of bipolar and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses. Major Depression. Nunes GP, Jr, Tufik S, Nobrega JN. Sometimes bipolar disorder is misdiagnosed as unipolar depression. Roy-Byrne P, Post RM, Uhde TW, Porcu T, Davis D. The longitudinal course of recurrent affective illness: Life chart data from research patients at the NIMH. Studies on intracellular systems, however, defined samples on the basis of a lifetime episode of mania, and have not noted any deficits that were specific to depressive episodes within bipolar disorder. In: McGinty JF, editor. But unipolar depression is one of the most common mental illnesses out there, and you are not alone. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, 1989. Taken together, these studies suggest that sleep deprivation is a challenge to the regulation of functional dopamine activity and changes in dopamine activity underlie, at least in part, the elevation in mood that is observed in SD responders. Treatment attitudes in bipolar disorder: Development and validation of a self-report measure. The unipolarbipolar distinction in the depressive disorders. The most stringent studies were those that involve control over medication (i.e., a drug washout period or comparison of medications used by participants) and some control over confounding demographic variables. Feature Flags: { Markou A, Kosten TR, Koob GF. McKenna, Peter J These studies would also seem relevant for understanding processes involved in the generation and maintenance of depressive and manic symptoms, as separate analyses can be conducted to contrast mania versus depression. Friedman E, Wang HY, Levinson D, Connel TA, Singh H. Altered platelet protein kinase C activity in bipolar affective disorder, manic episode. Solomon DA, Leon AC, Coryell W, Mueller TI, Posternak MA. A less disabling form of unipolar depression is known as: A. manic disorder B. bipolar disorder C. dysthymic disorder D. mild depression C. ___ is the medication that first brought hope to those suffering from bipolar disorders. Doctors may also be more cautious about the use of anti-depressant medications in bipolar disorder, such that anti-depressant medication will be prescribed less frequently and at lower doses for individuals with bipolar disorder compared to unipolar disorder (Goldberg, 2004). Nevertheless, the onset of depression was not examined separately. A review of the diagnostic status of bipolar II for the DSM-IV work group on mood disorders. By studying mania and depression as separate disorders, rather than as bipolar and unipolar disorders, the field can tease apart processes that are similar and unique between these phenomena that with the current nomenclature is not probable. Like unipolar depression, the negative cognitions diminish during euthymic periods for people with bipolar depression (see Johnson & Kizer, 2002 for a review). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Also, in a review of neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder, bipolar depression has been associated with decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex compared to controls (Stoll, Renshaw, Yurgelun-Todd, & Cohen, 2000). Reference Forty, Smith, Jones, Jones, Caesar and Cooper8-Reference Cuellar, Johnson and Winters10 This type of duality is exemplified in the DSM diagnostic system, with unipolar and bipolar disorders categorized as separate branches on the mood disorder diagnostic tree. Findings for sleep (Brockington et al., 1982; Giles, Rush, & Roffwarg, 1986; Kuhs & Reschke, 1992; Mitchell et al., 2001), anger (Beigel & Murphy, 1971; Brockington et al., 1982; Gurpegui et al., 1985), psychomotor retardation (Mitchell et al., 1992, 2001; Parker, Roy, Wilhelm, Mitchell, & Hadzi-Pavlovi, 2000), psychosis (Beigel & Murphy, 1971; Black & Nasrallah, 1989; Breslau & Meltzer, 1998; Brockington et al., 1982; Guze, Woodruff, & Clayton, 1975; Mitchell et al., 2001; Parker et al., 2000), melancholia (Coryell et al., 1989; Endicott et al., 1985; Parker et al., 2000), and mood reactivity (Brockington et al., 1982; Mitchell et al., 2001; Parker et al., 2000) were not consistent across studies. Huang, Kun-Yi Farisse, Jean Abrams R, Taylor MA. Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. G-protein functioning is most commonly studied on lymphocytes and platelets of individuals with bipolar disorder. Unipolar Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - Verywell Mind These studies launched a series of studies examining mood-congruent and mood-dependent memory (Blaney, 1986; Bower, 1981). Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Sridhara Rao J, Ren X, Janicak PG, Sharma R. Protein kinase C and phospholipase C activity and expression of their specific isozymes is decreased and expression of MARCKS is increased in platelets of bipolar but not in unipolar patients. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. This review, however, was focused on simply the biological evidence. These are reviewed with one question in mind: does the evidence support diagnosing bipolar and unipolar depressions as the same disorder or different? Reference Ghaemi, Ko and Goodwin13-Reference Ghaemi and Rosenquist15 Reference Angst, Gamma, Benazzi, Ajdacic, Eich and Rssler2-Reference Smith, Griffiths, Kelly, Hood, Craddock and Simpson6 Ingram, Bernet, & McLaughlin, 1994). Unipolar Disorder. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Young LT, Li PP, Kamble A, Siu KP, Warsh JJ. D.J.S. For example, the quality of depressed mood has been recognised for hundreds of years as indicative of pathological, severe depression but is difficult to measure reliably, particularly for someone without substantial clinical experience. Two studies found that over time, neuroticism is associated with increasing depressive symptoms, but is unrelated to manic symptoms (Heerlein, Richter, Gonzalez, & Santander, 1998; Lozano & Johnson, 2001). But the silver lining is that unipolar depression is treatable. Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder: What have we learned? Wu, Chung-Hsien Excessively low DA activity is posited to be the hallmark of depression, and considerable evidence supports this perspective in unipolar depression, including recent studies using a D-amphetamine challenge (see Naranjo, Tremblay, & Busto, 2001, for a review). Twenty-five to 33% of individuals with bipolar disorder in nontreatment samples do not report ever having a major depressive episode (Depue & Monroe, 1978; Karkowski & Kendler, 1997; Kessler, Rubinow, Holmes, Abelson, & Zhao, 1997; Weissman & Myers, 1978). Developing detailed diagnostic assessments which take account of the symptom profile and course of depressive episodes, similar to the probabilistic approach suggested by Mitchell et al, could potentially identify young adults with depression who may be at high risk of bipolar disorder. Indeed, a recent biological review has suggested that it may be more fruitful to consider conceptualizing bipolar and unipolar depression as the same illness (Joffe, Young, & MacQueen, 1999). Despite methodological hurdles, however, distinguishing mania and depression as separate disorder processes would allow researchers to draw from the wealth of unipolar depression literature in designing treatments and etiological models of bipolar depression. In contrast, those with a history of depression did demonstrate negative cognitive styles (Alloy, Reilly-Harrington, Fresco, Whitehouse, & Zechmeister, 1999). Borkowska A, Rybakowski J. Neuropsychological frontal lobe test indicate that bipolar depressed patients are more impaired than unipolar. Clinical Psychology Review. In one set of findings consistent with this idea, people with remitted bipolar disorder reported higher self-esteem on overt measures, but when asked to describe their attributions for hypothetical negative events, their pattern of answers was comparable to participants with a history of unipolar depression (Winters & Neale, 1985). Walther, S. The rich literature indicates that unipolar depression is a disorder with varied presentations and etiological influences, perhaps best conceptualized as a diverse set of subtypes. Hill CV, Oei TP, Hill MA. Typology of bipolar manicdepressive illness. "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, Chapter 6 Quiz Questions Flashcards | Quizlet Cross-sectional studies will suffer from a logical issue in deciphering the contributions of vulnerability to mania and depression. DeRubeis RJ, Crits-Christoph P. Empirically supported individual and group psychological treatments for adult mental disorders. Chopard, Gilles Angst J, Marneros A. Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: Conception, birth, and rebirth. McMahon, Kibby Kvi, Zsuzsanna Klein M. Mourning and its relation to manicdepressive states. 2020. Bidzinska EJ. Kessler RC, Rubinow DR, Holmes C, Abelson JM, Zhao S. The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey. Gender, temperament, and the clinical picture in dysphoric mixed mania: Findings from a French national study (EPIMAN). Here, we broaden the question to include the evidence from studies of course and of psychosocial triggers. The strongest methodology, however, is to include a drug wash-out period before symptom assessment, to ensure that symptoms are not merely the manifestation of the differing drug treatments used for bipolar and unipolar disorders. High intracellular calcium concentrations in transformed lymphoblasts from subjects with bipolar I disorder. Norman RM, Malla AK. Coryell W, Keller M, Endicott J, Andreasen N, Clayton P, Hirschfeld R. Bipolar II illness: Course and outcome over a five-year period. 2020. The role of psychosocial variables in the course of unipolar depression is supported by a vast literature. Hoertel, Nicolas Because depression may be more strongly related to treatment-seeking than mania (Johnson, in preparation), treatment samples tend to underestimate the prevalence of monopolar mania. Several investigators (Depue & Zald, 1993; Hestenes, 1992; Howland & Thase, 1999; Prange et al., 1974) have emphasized the importance of deficits in 5-HT regulation of dopamine and/or norepinephrine in the etiology of mood disorders. Psychological treatments of bipolar disorder. Donnelly EF, Murphy DL, Goodwin FK. A similar effect was elicited in response to the induction of positive and negative moods in non-clinical samples, with mood-congruent memories found to be more easily accessible (Teasdale & Fogarty, 1979; Teasdale, Taylor, & Fogarty, 1980). We believe that the gaps in considering these fundamental dimensions of depression heterogeneity have been guided by the failure to label lifetime depression as a distinct feature from mania within bipolar disorder. In: Bloom FE, Kuper DJ, editors. Many studies in this field, including our initial publications, have focused on episodes. In sum, neuroticism appears to be associated with increases in depressive symptoms, regardless of whether the depression is within unipolar or bipolar disorder. Although few studies are available within those that control over medications, group differences in anxiety, activity, and somatization consistently have been found in drug wash-out studies (Beigel & Murphy, 1971; Katz et al., 1982; Kuhs & Reschke, 1992; Kupfer et al., 1974). Support for the same disorder model would be drawn from an absence of replicable differences in biology, course, symptomatology, or psychosocial antecedents of bipolar and unipolar depression. 2016. Barbini B, Colombo C, Benedetti F, Campori E, Bellodi L, Smeraldi E. The unipolarbipolar dichotomy and the response to sleep deprivation. Second, one might expect the course of disorder to differ between bipolar and unipolar depression. Psychiatric nosology since the DSM-III has classified major depressive disorder separately from bipolar disorder, defined by the presence of mania. and Wang, Wei Reference Smith, Ghaemi and Craddock17, Can clinical practice and research really continue to be best served by persisting with basing our diagnoses on tick-list-defined cross-sectional categories? Importantly, when recurrence rates are similar, plasma NE and MHPG levels, urinary MHPG levels, and neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis are remarkably similar in bipolar II and unipolar depression (Altshuler et al., 1995; Dunner, 1993; Schatzberg & Schildkraut, 1995). For many years, inconsistent findings have emerged in the unipolar literature, with some authors finding lower levels of NE and others finding higher levels of NE associated with depression (Beckmann & Goodwin, 1975; Maas, 1975; Schildkraut, 1974). Odone, A. Lemogne, Cdric Mitchell P, Parker G, Jamieson K, Wilhelm K, Hickie I, Brodaty H, et al. A focal structure in theories of affective disorders is the DA-secreting neurons of the ventral tegmental area that project to the nucleus accumbens and the cerebral cortex (mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system; behavioral activation system, (BAS; Depue & Zald, 1993). Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Essential papers in psychoanalysis. Attentional allocation processes in individuals at risk for depression. Prospective, within-subject designs are needed to assess these questions. In: Levine DS, Leven SJ, editors. If you are someone who has unipolar depression, you might feel shame or discomfort with your diagnosis. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy prevents depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder. One possible difference between bipolar and unipolar depression is genetic predisposition. These results provide evidence that net 5-HT activity is low in bipolar disorder and that this low level is due to reduced 5-HT availability in CNS 5-HT synapses. A fundamental issue involves measurement of episodes and their duration. Melancholia and depression: From hippocrate times to modern times. Winters R, Scott W, Beevers C. Affective distress as a central and organizing symptom in depression: Neurobiological mechanisms. and Unipolar depression: diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations from Guedj, Eric "coreDisableSocialShare": false, Some methodological issues must be attended to in the study of cognitive vulnerabilities in bipolar disorder, particularly variability in depression history. Because these studies are comparing two different phenomena within the same disorder (i.e., mania and depression) with one phenomenon in unipolar disorder (i.e., depression), this literature does little to shed light on depressions in the two disorders. Major depressive disorder. Almost no research has considered comparing subtype issues across unipolar and bipolar depressions. The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. Ellicott AG. Jones, Ian An improvement in the care of patients with unipolar depression will require broad implementation of the guideline, both in the inpatient and outpatient setting. 2014. Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness: Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. "useRatesEcommerce": true This guideline applies to adult and adolescent (12 years and older) patients with unipolar depressive disorders. That is, do depressions within bipolar disorder reflect unique disease processes compared to depressions within unipolar disorder? Nevertheless, differences in methodologies make comparisons across studies difficult. Unipolar depression is challenging, but treatment is effective and can allow you to find happiness and thrive. Affect, cognition, and change: Re-modelling depressive thought. Suzuki K, Kusumi I, Sasaki Y, Koyama T. Serotonin-induced platelet intracellular calcium mobilization I various psychiatric disorders: Is it specific to bipolar disorder? Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Perhaps one of the most unresolved issues in this field of research is the choice of which diagnostic groups to include. Weissman MM, Myers JK. Similarly, in unipolar disorder, after controlling for age and chronicity, social support was significantly more associated with recovery from a depressive episode (Veiel, Kuehner, Brill, & Ihle, 1992). FOIA Mania and depression could be conceptualized as highly comorbid conditions, as are anxiety and depression. As described above, neurobiological theories of affective disorders focus on deficits in the regulation of the catecholamines DA and NE. When matched for number of recurrences, bipolar II depressive episodes are associated with comparable levels of norepinephrine to unipolar depressive episodes. Beckmann H, Goodwin FK. Neuroendocrine challenge studies provide evidence for 5-HT subsensitivity in bipolar patients as well. Unfortunately, these studies do not distinguish between bipolar disorder with and without depression. 2005 May; 25(3): 307339. Strik, W. Reference Smith, Ghaemi and Craddock17 Low concentrations of the 5-HT metabolite 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) have been observed post-mortem in the brainstems of patients who died during unipolar (Traskman, Asberg, Bertilsson, & Sjostrand, 1981), and bipolar depressive episodes (Young et al., 1994). Altshuler LL, Curran JG, Hauser P, Mintz J, Denicoff K, Post R. T. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. To the extent that sleep deprivation provides a challenge to the dopamine system, such studies may provide insight into regulatory strength in unipolar versus bipolar depression. Daniel J. Smith, Department of Psychological Medicine, Monmouth House, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4DW, UK. We consider the relatively few studies that provide polarity-specific information within bipolar disorder. Early studies indicated that unipolar depression was characterized by more typical vegetative and psychomotor symptoms than bipolar disorder, such as greater weight loss (Abrams & Taylor, 1980) and initial insomnia (Brockington, Altman, Hillier, Meltzer, & Nand, 1982). Drawing on the strong evidence that mania is biologically driven, bipolar depression has been seen as more endogenous than unipolar depression. Seligman MEP, Castellon C, Cacciola J, Schulman P, Luiborsky L, Ollove M, et al. Antidepressant response to tricyclics and urinary MHPG in unipolar patients: Clinical response to impipramine or amitriptyline. Indeed, some general practitioners may already feel that manifestations of bipolar disorder beyond classic (type I) bipolar disorder are not valid as clinical entities. Blunted prolactin responses to D-fenfluramine challenge have been found in one sample of patients with bipolar disorder (Thakore, OKeane, & Dinan, 1996). Although results across methodologies were not consistent, appetite loss (Gurpegui, Casanova, & Cervera, 1985) and agitation (Beigel & Murphy, 1971; Katz et al., 1982) have each been found to be more prevalent in unipolar depression than bipolar depression within three studies that included a drug washout period. Mania, depression, and mood dependent memory.

Best Session Ipa 2022, Articles W